-Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. >> << Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /ParentTreeNextKey 13 /FontDescriptor 364 0 R What is the best treatment for groupthink? What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> What is a meta-analysis? /S /Part A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Name /F1 >> [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /StructParents 1 In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known If not, give a counterexample. Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Keith Stanovich . how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. /FontDescriptor 365 0 R Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. /Contents 45 0 R Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. << /GS7 27 0 R 3 0 obj /Workbook /Document If the statement is always true, explain why. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Please sign in to share these flashcards. [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] Under what conditions are people most likely to help? /Group << *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o << Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Group << /Resources << /Resources << -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /CS /DeviceRGB << /Type /Group >> However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? /Resources << /GS8 28 0 R Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. /Slide /Part [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /S /Transparency The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What variables influence whether or not people conform? When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /F4 24 0 R /Diagram /Figure 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors /Name /F2 /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 238 0 R 239 0 R] 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /GS7 27 0 R Houd . -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. >> [9][pageneeded]. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Font << 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 1 0 obj Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. endobj Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. -2008 first black president 25 0 obj What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? >> /Contents 36 0 R /F4 24 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology.
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