She didn't want to be embalmed, and charcoal was spread across the bottom of the casket you know, for the stench. The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Thomas Hardy, is the single work that Meghan Markle has been on the receiving end of some harsh criticism Did you know Queen Elizabeth enjoyed this food so much? Theatre performances were interrupted as audiences poured out into the streets. BBC News People watching and following the funeral services online noticed a bishop drop a piece of paper that landed near the Queen's coffin. Baird writes: Sheasked for the cast of Alberts hand, which she had always kept near her, to be put in her coffinShe wanted one of Alberts handkerchiefs and cloaks, a shawl made by Alice, anda pocket handkerchief of my faithful Brown, that friend who was more devoted to me than anyone, to be laid on me. The royal family, who would soon set about destroying all record of the broad-shouldered Scot, was shielded from this sight. Today, Victoria has a reputation for prudishness; however, this was definitely not the case. In London, the city prepared for the procession of the queens tiny yet wide coffin, draped in white satin atop a military gun carriage pulled by white horses. John Brown was a Scottish personal attendant and favorite of Queen Victoria for many years. (Probably equally loathed was the Indian servant Abdul Karim, with whom Victoria became close after Browns death). Her coffin was dropped down a flight of steps. As the room filled with the sound of sobbing and weeping mingled with the chanting of the clerics, each son, daughter and grandchild was summoned by name to kiss the queen's hand and say farewell. LONDON Hundreds of world leaders and the last members of the epically . On receipt of the telegram, the kaiser immediately cancelled the celebrations and left Berlin with the Duke of Connaught and set sail for England, throwing the squabbling family into turmoil and forcing them to make public news of the queens illness. Stewart Richards is the author of Curtain Down at Her Majestys: The Death of Queen Victoria (The History Press, January 2019). Queen Victoria, a name that echoed in nearly half of the world during the 19th Century, is not much of a thought today. 06:00. When it was asked whether breakfast was included, the answer was that everyone must bring his own morning meal. The gown was placed above a layer of charcoal added to neutralize the smell of decay and she would lay atop of it. Queen Victoria pioneered the white wedding gown, setting the trend for generations to come. Queen Elizabeth's coffin was lowered into the Royal Vault at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on Monday evening. [1][5] Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Or was it a marriage of misery. A short while later he walked down the long gravel drive to the entrance gate where a large crowd was waiting, and pinned a small notice on to the bulletin board. According to Victoria: The Queen by Julia Baird, Victoria, who loved romantic mementos and gothic mystery, had left instructions for her trusted servants that were for their eyes only. Sign up to British Heritage Travel's daily newsletter here! One newspaper reported: Hardly less solemn and striking than yesterdays great historic naval pageant was the night vigil on board the funeral barge, where the late queen may almost be said to have lain in state upon the bosom of the waters over which till a few hours ago she held such regal sway. Her children squabbled, her doctors quarrelled, and the public were misled and kept in the dark. The Duke of Norfolk, also the earl marshal, prevailed (the present earl marshal, Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, is currently arranging the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II), causing bad blood between the two camps. While her son, King Edward VII removed all mention of Brown at royal properties she took his memory to the grave with these mementos to a friend. At the end of the day, the servants would return and remove the items, only to repeat the same the next day. And men ran along bawling at the top of their voices "Queen dead". The London Evening News had a black-bordered special edition out on the street within the hour. With no photos for reference, and few people alive who remembered the last sovereigns death, royal servants were at a loss. The book has recently been made into a series broadcast on Radio 4. The state funeral of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, occurred on 2 February 1901, after her death on 22 January. She prioritizedher physical relationship with her husband over her duties as both monarch and mother. This is from Winston Churchill's funeral. The next day Queen Victoria was laid to rest next to her beloved Albert at the Royal Mausoleum. ", This mishap apparently slowed the procession to the chapel, and those waiting for the funeral to begin at St. Georges Chapel were restless. There was great consternation and bewilderment in the Lord Chamberlains office, as well as in the royal family, as to what was the correct mourning for the sovereign, the queens granddaughter Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein recalled. You could hear a band in the distance, but nothing was happening, one guest recalled, per Richards. Here, Stewart Richards considers Queen Victorias final moments, the chaotic preparations for her state funeral on 2 February 1901, and the secret items placed inside her coffin. This was followed by the largest military procession since the Duke of Wellingtons funeral in 1852, through Hyde Park to Paddington. At 6.30pm on 22 January 1901, Queen Victoria breathed her last aged 81. There were talks of a regency, while Osborne House already overflowing with guests was bombarded with anxious telegrams and telephone calls, and journalists gathered excitedly outside the gates. The late monarch is being laid to rest in a state funeral on Monday (19 September). The coffin of Queen Elizabeth is seen on the day of her funeral and burial, in London. On Jan 22, 1901, Queen Victoria passed away at the incredible age of 81, surrounded by her family and personal physician, Dr. Reid, on the Isle of Wight. Certainly, in life, she remained attached to her veil and dress, and both she and Albert posed in their wedding attire, including Victoria's veil, years after their wedding. Coffin Drop. There, among the sea of . Once the Queen realized her time was running out, she reportedly called for her personal physician, who catered to her during the last 15 years of life Dr. James Reid. Show more Show more. But she was a lady of her time. She passed away at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, surrounded by her children and grandchildren. Victorians had something of an obsession with death and death rituals. In this picture the cortge is on its way from The Albert Memorial Chapel through the Upper Ward of Windsor Castle, drawn by the Royal Horse Artillery. The Lord Chamberlain is very sorry, and is likely to decline to give assistance, one contemporary noted, per Richards. Samantha Cohen, the Queen's former assistant private secretary, told PEOPLE that watching the Queen's coffin lower into the Royal Vault of the ancient church made the monarch's death feel. On February 1, the queens body, accompanied by the royal family, was transported to the royal yacht Alberta, with crowds gathering to pay their respects. The Lord's Prayer in Latin by Charles Gounod, and the anthem How blest are they by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky followed. While previously all royal funerals had been quiet, private affairs held at night, Victoria had left very clear instructions about what she wanted for a funeral, and she wanted a full military and state funeral. When Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 on 22 January 1901, it took her family, court and subjects by surprise very few had been able to contemplate the mortality of the monarch who had ruled over Britain and its empire for almost 64 years. Aspects of the Industrial Revolution shortened life expectancy, even in an age when 40 was considered old. Everything has been slowed down to do honour to our Queen, but the ship of state cannot tarry long. The royal coffin was built by a local carpenter and delivered to Osborne House. Princess Alice, one of the nine children born to Victoria and Albert, was their third-born and she had forged a special bond with her parents. Queen Elizabeth's funeral took place on Monday, Sept. 19, 2022. The royal coffin also included one of Alberts dressing gowns. Queen Victoria died on January 22, 1901 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight and her funeral, which ended the era that claimed her name, is a story on its own right. Get FREE access to HistoryExtra.com. All rights reserved. Previous royal funerals had been private candlelit affairs, taking place at night, but this queen had requested a full military state funeral. \u201cMost interesting part of the queen\u2019s funeral so far is watching a bishop drop a piece of paper onto the floor, directly in frame of the camera\u201d The Morbidly Creepy And Straight Up Weird Contents Of Queen Victoria's Coffin. According to Mental Floss, members of the royal family are buried in lead-lined coffins, which stay closed during the funeral to prevent decay. Other descendants of the late Queen's paternal grandfather, King George III and their families: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A period of national mourning commenced and his elder daughter and successor, Queen Elizabeth II was proclaimed the new monarch by the Accession Council. London: The Queen's coffin will be taken to Westminster Abbey on the same gun carriage that was first used for Queen Victoria's funeral and also carried the bodies of her . Stefan is a freelance writer and a regular contributor to The Vintage News. He was so unsuitable a person, as it appeared to me, that we declined to leave him (as he wished) in the room to take the necessary measurements, and as a matter of fact the measurements were taken by the emperor, [Sir James] Reid, and myself, under the direction of the man, who stood by and told us exactly what he wanted. He is a graduate in Literature. Jennifer Rosenberg. King Edward VII's staff didn't want to take control as the late Queen was technically still around, while the Queen's staff felt it was inappropriate as she was no longer a reigning monarch. The Earl Marshal [the royal officer in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions] and Lord Chamberlain [in charge of the royal household] were at loggerheads as to who should take charge, while the new kings household refused to take over responsibility until the queen was buried yet the old queens household no longer had any authority. Scotland Yard was informed. Thanks to the good doctor, Queen Victoria still carried a lock of John Browns hair and a photo of him to her grave. Minute guns were fired by the assembled fleet as the yacht passed by. Her death on Jan. 22, 1901, at age 81 was mourned around the world and signaled an end to the Victorian Era . The tradition dates back to the funeral of . On February 2, despite the pouring rain, all of London seemed to turn out, with author Henry James noting the incredibly and immeasurably vast sea of mourners. But there were some aspects of Victorias final departure that she kept hidden from her family. Published in the The Graphic, 16 October 1897. All the seats of a balcony fronting the first-floor windows were let at 25 guineas, Richards writes. Some Victorians expressed a strong interest in the paranormal, the spectral, and otherworldly. Reporters in carriages and on bicycles were seen racing for the post office in East Cowes, and men were shouting as they ran, The queen is dead.. It remained in the Throne Room. The author knocks on the doors bearing the darkest symbols, behind which lie guns, ammo, antisemitism, antiabortion dogmaand a belief in the coming civil war. And so it was her doctor who followed through with all her wishes. Ad Choices. This tradition dates back to Queen Victoria's funeral in February 1901. When an ordinary, humble person dies, everything is arranged quite easily and with reverence and care. And so the news of the queens passing was announced to the world. All telephone and telegraph wires were to be suspended, and any servant or messenger to be prevented from leaving. An attendant Royal Guard from HMS Excellent was shortly then ordered to haul the gun carriage with ropes instead, a disruption which subsequently became state funeral tradition. It was placed onto the 123-year-old gun carriage, which took it . A dressing gown that had belonged to her husband Albert who had died 40 years earlier, was placed by her side, along with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Its understandable that Victoria later developed an attachment for that particular embroidered cloak. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. "In loving and devoted memory. From her greed is good heyday to her post-divorce denouement cavorting with a series of freaky Italian lovers, it was Ivana, all along, who gilded the Trump name. She was confined to a wheelchair, almost blind and had lapses of memory and moments of confusion. Her eldest daughter Vicky, the Dowager Empress of Germany had been diagnosed with incurable breast cancer that had spread to her spine, and the empress was languishing in great pain in her castle in Kronberg. They summoned the royal dukes, the kaiser and the new king to lift her body into the coffin. Queen Elizabeth has been laid to rest. You would think that the English Monarchy had [not] been buried since the time of Alfred.. When Rennellwho was also writing a book on Victoria's final yearswas invited by the Reid family to research their archives, he came across the hidden instructions written just before the old Queen's death. The state funeral of Queen Victoria took place in February 1901; it had been 64 years since the last burial of a monarch. Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 on 22 January 1901 at 6.30 pm. The revelations that have leaked from Prince Harrys memoir, Palace Insiders Say Prince William Is Already Furious About Prince Harrys Memoir Leaks, Prince Harry alleges Prince William attacked him over Meghan Markle in a new excerpt from, Inventing Ivana Trump: Her Improbable Rise and Tragic Death. The queen began to sink as the family crowded into her small bedroom where the Bishop of Winchester and the Rector of St Mildreds Church chanted prayers and hymns. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. The 81-year-old Queen had died at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight on Tuesday 22 January. On the day of the funeral itself, 2 February 1901, panic broke out when the horses pulling the gun carriage on which the coffin rested broke free. Read another story from us:The Hilariously Botched Coronation Ceremony of Queen Victoria. Follow the procession and services with up-to-the-minute updates by our royal experts. Queen Victoria was buried in a sea of sentimental souvenirs and amid a variety of flowers. And so Reid, the queens private doctor, set to work with Victorias trusted servants to hide her treasures in her custom coffin. She saw 10 prime ministers; five Archbishops of Canterbury and six commanders-in-chief; 18 presidents of the United States; 11 Viceroys of Canada; 16 Viceroys of India and France successively ruled by one king; one emperor and seven presidents of a Republic. There are few things as quintessentially English as queues and the Queen. This unexpected announcement took the nation completely by surprise and rumours began to abound. 2023 Cond Nast. The coffin of Queen Elizabeth II is carried into Westminster Abbey. There were only a few days left to organise the ceremonial. These were mostly items of sentimental value for the Queen. And so, 138 bluejackets piled their arms [propped up their weapons], attached ropes to the carriage where the harnesses had been, and dragged the gun carriage to St Georges Chapel by hand, giving birth to a new royal tradition. Queen Victoria ruled Britain for 64 years, so her death on 22 January 1901, sent the country, royal family, and parliament into panic as they realised they had no protocols in place for the death of a reigning monarch. Only one place, in the far corner of the balcony, was unengaged, and that could be had for 15 guineas. You can unsubscribe at any time. She had also outlived all nine of her bridesmaids. Get the latest chatter, from Kensington Palace and beyond, straight to your inbox. Events took a dramatic turn for the worse from 17 January as the queen suffered a series of strokes and the entire royal family was suddenly summoned to the Isle of Wight. This article was originally published by HistoryExtra in January 2019, Save up to 49% AND your choice of gift card worth 10* when you subscribe BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed PLUS! His valet also continued to bring in the suit he would wear that day. A widow described the horrifying moment her husband's coffin was dropped and broke open during his funeral, leaving him on view to more than 400 people. Queen Victoria's funeral procession on February 2, 1901. The internet lit up over one unscripted moment at the Queen's funeral today, caught on the world's cameras. September 19, 2022 - 9:36PM. The Queen never recovered from her loss. History Extra tells us that Queen Victoria wanted a real funeral. Queen's Coffin Pulled by a Rope Because of Disaster at Queen Victoria's Funeral by Annie Walton Doyle September 19, 2022 People have noticed something rather odd about the Queen's funeral procession advertisement And it turns out, it's all because of an issue that occurred at Queen Victoria's funeral. Eventually, the Accession council was convened where the present kingextemporised his accession speech. Before that, different colors were worn by brides for wedding ceremonies. The ignorance of historical precedent in men whose business it is to know is wonderful, Reginald Brett, Viscount Esher wrote cheekily. Although 33,000 soldiers were in the city, more than 1,000 spectators were injured in the rush to see this most solemn of parades. In 1861, Prince Albert, the Queen's beloved husband passed away from typhoid fever, at the age of 42. According to Richards, to forestall another embarrassment, a rehearsal was held at 11 p.m. the night before the burial, with horses and soldiers practicing by bearing a weighted stunt coffin to the queens final resting place at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore in Windsor. Here begins the part where the Queen probably needed Dr. Reids help the most. Even more notably, the most famous widow in history wanted to be laid to rest with the white veil she wore on her wedding day in 1840. Princess Helena and Princess Beatrice, the queens daughters and constant companions, could not accept that their mother could actually die and tried to maintain business as usual. However, on the Isle of Wight, all was peaceful, the sun unusually cheerful and bright. The government ground to a halt as the queen was no longer able to carry out her constitutional duties. Her death stunned the nation. First and foremost because the Queens own children would have quickly denounced what stood written in her instructions. Oh! Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. The Royal Windsor Website.com by ThamesWeb", 2002: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (Operation Tay Bridge), 2021: The Duke of Edinburgh (Operation Forth Bridge), Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition, Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria&oldid=1142415764, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 07:29. The front of the procession had already marched off and reached the end of Windsor Street before it could be stopped and turned around. Member. She was buried with a ring on every finger, bracelets stacked along her wrists, and her neck layered with necklaces. Watch this British Path newsreel footage of Queen Victoria's funeral: A stern Queen, overcome by grief, who oversaw 63 years as the Monar Everything you need to know about the "Queen of Heart's" life. She also insisted that she beburied wearing the white bridal veil fromher 1840 wedding to Prince Albert. The coffin was guarded all night by trusty MarinesOutside the basin lay the Victoria and Albert, with the king and other royal mourners on boardbeyond them the long array of warships, forming a glittering lane, scintillating with myriads of lights, and extending, as far as the eye could reach, across the still, dark waters of the Solent. The funeral wreath on the queen's coffin was anything but funereal - it was a massive assembling of color and symbolism topped with a note from Charles. Bicycles careered down the hill. In a first, Path cameramen were on the scene, recording the parade of soldiers, royals, mourners, and government officials as they marched to the station with the queens funeral cortege. She is said to have taken care of Albert during his sickness, offering support until his very final moments. In a funeral at sea the ship is slowed down when the body is committed to the deep but once that has taken place there can be no waiting the order is Full Steam Ahead, the Gazette reported. Sir James Reid, the queens personal physician for more than 20 years, had known the end was nigh but had great difficulty convincing the royal family of the inevitable, even in the final days when they saw the queen was drifting between delirium and lucidity. The last friend the dying monarch demanded to see was her Pomeranian dog, Turi. In memory of her departed daughter Alice, Queen Victoria requested that she be buried with an elaborate cape the young Princess had made for Prince Albert. Then Queen Alexandra came tearing out, looking this way and that way, before Clarendon persuaded her to go back into the chapel.. LONDON - After the funeral service for Queen Elizabeth II at 11am local time (6pm Singapore time), the ceremonial processions taking her coffin to London's Westminster . A short while later, the small notice of announcement was pinned on the bulletin board where a large crowd of journalists were waiting. In the coffin, Queen Victoria also asked for a cloak which Princess Alice had embroidered for her father. The 42 Best Romantic Comedies of All Time, The 25 Best Shows on Netflix to Watch Right Now. The massively influential monarch, on her deathbed, dictated 12 pages of notes surrounding what she wanted for her burial and funeral. Not some hushed laying to rest, quiet blubbering into bits of monogrammed silk, a prelate muttering about "ashes to ashes," but a full military funeral. The penultimate funeral ritual for the . It was held at 11 a.m. BST in Englandor 6 a.m. East Coast time in the United States. Her 63-year reign had been the longest in British history, and - though not unexpected - the news certainly had a profound effect on the people of Portsmouth. The impressive funeral of Queen Victoria. Her death marked the end of the Victorian era. All rights reserved. Fuck Biden, Dont Tread on Me, and a Wisconsin Death Trip for Our Times. On her hands, the lifeless Queen Victoria wore an excessive amount of jewelry, something which critics have associated with occult practices (the presence of Alberts embroidered cloak or his dressing gown in the coffin have also been connected with occultism). It also testifies to the imagery surrounding Queen Victoria, as both pious and feminine, yet a formidable leader. So when it came time for the Queen to make her final arrangements, she knew her wishes would require an element of secrecy in order that theybe observed. They intended to kill the kaiser and Leopold II, King of the Belgians, during the funeral procession. As such the Earl Marshal [the royal officer in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions] and Lord Chamberlain [in charge of the royal household] were at loggerheads as to who should take charge. This is because of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria's funeral procession passing through London, 1901. The Great Tom bell of St Pauls tolled across the city of London. After a short train ride to Windsor, the funeral party began the procession on horseback and foot to St. Georges Chapel for the queens state funeral. RM WH8NMH - Queen Victoria's Funeral Procession London on its way to Windsor 2 February 1901 behind the coffin rose the new King Edward VII and his nephew, the Kaiser RM 2AF0ERN - QUEEN VICTORIA (1819-1901) Her coffin leaving St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on Saturday 2 February 1901 Sign up to British Heritage Travel's daily newsletter here! On 1 February 1901, the cortege crossed the Solent, flanked by 11 miles of battleships and cruisers, each booming out their minute guns as the tiny yacht Alberta passed by, bearing the queens coffin. Unwilling to let the uncouth assistant touch the hallowed queen, the kaiser and other courtiers took matters into their own hands. She was the first of the Queen's daughters to die and, following the death of Prince Albert, the grief only added to the queens many sorrows. Brown was a royal family servant from Scotland and who comforted the Queen following the Prince Alberts death. The close relationship that developed between the Queen and her servant was not approved of. The plant has been grown at Osborne, Queen Victoria's holiday home on the Isle of Wight fro about 170 years. Her death marked the end of the Victorian era. Official read another. Her Majesty's coffin was today lowered into the royal vault. I cannot describe to you the historical ignorance, of everyone from top to bottom who should know something of procedure. What followed was chaos and confusion. Friends and loved ones created jewelry made from the hair of the deceased;furniture and doorways were draped in black crepe;and even photos were taken of the dead, dressed and seated in chairs with other family members, as though they were still alive. Instead, she wanted a white funeral, with white ponies and a gun carriage. You can listen on the BBC iPlayer here. I am sending for my mourning trappings observed Marie Mallet, maid of honour to the queen, we never escape jet for long. Chief among those carefully kept secrets were the things Queen Victoria wanted to be buried with. The massively influential monarch, on her deathbed, dictated 12 pages of notes surrounding what she wanted for her burial and funeral. The Boer War (18991902, fought between Great Britain and two Afrikaner republics) weighed heavily on her mind, and the lifting of the sieges against Mafeking and Ladysmith in early 1900 had done little to relieve her anxiety. Only one request by the Queen was not carried out that a life-size sculpture of her should be moved to the mausoleum at the Frogmore Estate, which housed a matching sculpture of Albert, as well as his remains. First, she disliked the preponderance of funereal black; henceforward, there would be no black cloaks, drapes or canopy, and Victoria requested a white pall for her coffin. Preparation of the Coffin Queen Victoria had left detailed instructions on how her funeral and everything related to it should be. Like her descendant Queen Elizabeth II, she was at a favourite country residence, in this case Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. It was mentioned also that 500 had been paid for front rooms in a neighboring hotel.. (James Forde for The Washington Post) Article. By The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images. Then came the final train journey to Windsor, where the procession waited as the coffin was placed on the gun carriage. 2023 Irish Studio. Churchill's coffin was placed on board the Havengore at Tower Pier after the state funeral. According to Stewart Richardss fascinating Curtain Down at Her Majestys, as the queen lay peacefully while surrounded by family, in another room courtiers were frantically attempting to figure out what came next. With no photos for reference, and few people alive who remembered the last sovereigns death, royal servants were at a loss for how to commemorate the late monarch. [10], Victoria's children had married into the great royal families of Europe and a number of foreign monarchs were in attendance including Wilhelm II of Germany as well as the heir-presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Her children were in denial, her government was unprepared, and the public knew nothing at all. Death and all that came with it hovered far more closely to the living than it does today. Victoria was the longest-ruling British monarch, reigning from 1837-1901. She was among the handful of those in attendance who had also been present at the previous royal funeral: that of the Duke of Edinburgh, in April, 2021, which was held in Windsor in accordance. Updated on June 21, 2019. One hopes Sir Frederick Ponsonby got a good nights sleep. She wanted it done with respect but simply. Curiously, for a woman obsessed with death and mourningwho had worn black for decades in honor of her beloved husband Prince Alberts early deathVictoria requested a white funeral, with no public lying in state and no hearse to carry her coffin.
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