The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Payment Details. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Your email address will not be published. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. % For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. << examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. 74 . Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. /F1 6 0 R There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. /Type /Page From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. Each state has the same level of self-governance. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. 6 0 obj To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. stream It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ 1. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to /F3 12 0 R All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. /Filter /DCTDecode The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. It is our pleasure. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. . /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. /Filter /FlateDecode So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. << Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. % Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. You are welcome dear reader. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . /Contents 4 0 R Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. We appreciate you. Pls visit us again dear reader. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. . In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . Power Sharing Formula sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. s" A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. ff>qsfN? The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. Federalism in Nigeria. 2. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . Your email address will not be published. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. /F7 24 0 R %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz
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