why do we use light water reactors?
That makes reprocessing the spent fuel rods on the sly a much simpler operation. Light water reactors (LWRs) have been generating electricity for over five decades for the electrical grid of more than 20 countries. Boiling water reactors are cooled and moderated by water like a PWR, but at a lower pressure (of about 7MPa), which allows the water to boil inside the pressure vessel producing the steam that runs turbines. The use of ordinary water makes it necessary to use an enriched uranium fuel in order to maintain the criticality of the reactor along entire fuel cycle (e.g. There are two types of light-water reactors operating in America. D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2. A molten salt reactor (MSR) is a type of nuclear reactor that uses liquid fuel instead of the solid fuel rods used in conventional nuclear reactors. Co; 1st edition, 1965. Weapons inspectors love this feature because it requires a large-scale operation that’s almost impossible to conceal. You also need enrichment centers to bring the enrichment rate up from <1% to >95% that weapons typically use. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. In 1931, American physical chemist Harold Ureyconstructed a chart of known isotopes. LWR pressure vessels are designed for 300°C. They purchase them based on actual performance and their ability to meet certain specified requirements. Several major differences that distinguish between light water reactors and the … HWR — Heavy Water Reactors. The most efficient moderator is heavy water. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Therefore, if reactivity increases beyond normal, the reduced … To be an effective moderator, the probability of elastic reaction between neutron and the nucleus must be high. Except in BWRs, there is secondary coolant circuit where the water becomes steam. LWRs make up more than 80 percent of the world’s nuclear reactors, and more than three-quarters of the LWRs are PWRs. In light water reactors, water flows through the core to remove the heat from the fuel rods. To extract the fuel rods, you have to lift off a giant lid at the top of the reactor and take them out all at once. LWRs (light water reactors), the light water (H 2 O) coolant is also the moderator. That said, you need to be constantly removing fuel and separating the Plutonium, which requires complex reprocessing centers. Engr. In this regard, the moderating capacity of water stems from the fact that the average kinetic energy lost by a particle in an elastic … If you use light water in the reactor, it absorbs some of the neutrons it's supposed to be slowing down. (“Light water” refers to ordinary H2O; “heavy water” has a higher percentage of deuterium atoms, i.e. (“Light water” refers to ordinary H 2 O; “ … Williams. The steam moves through the turbines which spin a generator to generate electricity. Enriched uranium is also dangerous, because it can be used to make bombs. As mentioned before, light water is used as the coolant and moderator for a boiling water reactor. Light-water reactors are designed for commercial use and can run for years at a time on a single batch of fuel. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317, W.S.C. Therefore high elastic scattering cross-section is important, but does not describe comprehensively capabilities of moderators. Why do we like to offer this kind of power plant to nuke-hungry nations? Because there is more light with a short wavelength, the light appears blue. If you value our work, please disable your ad blocker. The pressurized water reactor (PWR) is a type of nuclear reactor used to the generate electricity and propel nuclear submarines and naval vessels. A BWR is like a PWR but with many differents. Most of these reactors are built using a series of alloys and materials that have changed very little over the many decades. Interaction of Beta Radiation with Matter, Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter, US uranium miners ready to support nuclear power, says AAPG, Adequate uranium to meet demand, latest Red Book concludes, Mochovce new-build project receives loan boost. The RBMK - 1000 type reactors, 1000 meaning 1000 MW of electrical output, contain approximately 1700 tons of graphite blocks. Light Water Reactor technology development by Argonne National Laboratory. If you shut down a light-water reactor early—after a few months, for example—you’d waste a huge amount of money. Unlike a PWR, there is no primary and secondary loop. The knowledge gained from the experiments conducted with these reactors formed the technical basis for the designs of the commercial light water reactors currently used throughout the world for electric power generation. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. The steamline directs the steam to the main turbine, causing it to turn the turbine generator, which produces electricity. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Recently, I decided to research that decision using publicly available sources. [3] They make use of light water (ordinary water, as opposed to heavy water) as their coolant and neutron moderator. K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4. The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as an increase in temperature may cause the water to expand, giving greater 'gaps' between the water molecules and reducing the probability of thermalization — thereby reducing the extent to which neutrons are slowed and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. However, isotopes were still not well understood; the neutron was still just a concept, yet to be discovered. So, the light you see has a higher frequency (or shorter wavelength) than the usual wavelength. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Many folks are concerned that Plutonium is a direct bomb making isotope whereas Uranium must be enriched to almost 90% U235, which is a much more complex process. They are cooled and moderated by high-pressure liquid water (e.g. All rights reserved. Explainer thanks Peter Hayes and David von Hippel of the Nautilus Institute. The turbine transfers the heat from the coolant to electricity, just like in a fossil-fuel plant. Glasstone, Sesonske. The containment is the structure that separates the reactor from the environment. All contents © 2020 The Slate Group LLC. In light water reactors the water moderator functions also as primary coolant. The incentive package that’s now on the table includes a light-water reactor for civilian use. K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2. Coolant may be light or heavy water. That means you have to use fissile material which produces more neutrons. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. Pressurized water reactors . W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. … On Thursday, China and Russia signed on to the West’s latest attempt to defuse the nuclear standoff with Iran. Therefore heavy water is commonly used as a moderator in pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR). Copyright 2020 Nuclear Power for Everybody | All Rights Reserved | Powered by. (See also later section on primary coolant characteristics.) Because it’s the most “proliferation-resistant” nuclear reactor on the market. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. The heavy water reactor produces more fissile Plutonium then the light water reactor. January 1993. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. The only problem is that its design allows for the replacement of just a few fuel rods at a time. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Making heavy water is also a complex process, however my Chem. If you use heavy water instead, you can get away with less-enriched uranium. That's expensive enriched uranium. This website does not use any proprietary data. hydrogen atoms with an extra neutron.) Cookies help us deliver our services. But the disadvantage of this concept is that any fuel leak can make the water radioactive and that radioactivity can reach the turbine and the rest of the loop. By joining Slate Plus you support our work and get exclusive content. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). Why Water in a Nuclear Reactor Is Blue . The sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) uses liquid metal (sodium) as a coolant instead of water that is typically used in U.S. commercial power plants. Graphic by Sarah Harman | U.S. Department of Energy More than 65% of the commercial reactors … The use of ordinary water makes it necessary to use an enriched uranium fuel in order to maintain the criticality of the reactor along entire fuel cycle (e.g. Got a question about today’s news? Research reactors have very simple heat-removal systems, as their primary purpose is to perform research and not generate power. Chernobyl did not have a containment to speak of. In order to describe capabilities of a material to slow down neutrons, three new material variables must are defined:eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'nuclear_power_net-box-3','ezslot_1',103,'0','0'])); Light water has the highest ξ and σs among the moderators (resulting in the highest MSDP) shown in the table, but its moderating ratio is low due to its relatively higher absorption cross section.Table of moderating ratios for some materials. This simplifies the design of boiling water reactors, as there is only one primary loop(see Figure 4) needed which results i… Heavy water nuclear reactors and light water nuclear reactors differ in how they create and manage the complex physics of nuclear fission, or atom-splitting, which produces the energy and heat that creates steam—which then drives the generators. The operating … In nuclear power: World nuclear power …of which are categorized as light water reactors (LWRs) because they use ordinary (light) water as a moderator and coolant. Sodium and organic coolants operate at atmospheric pressure. E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4. The water (coolant) is heated in the reactor core to approximately 325°C (617°F) as the water flows through the core. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. There are two ways to make nuclear weapons. In terms of cross-sections, the elastic scattering cross section of a moderator’s nucleus must be high. Slate relies on advertising to support our journalism. Light water reactors use water as both and a coolant method and a neutron moderator that reduces the speed of fast moving neutrons. The most common structural materials are based on the three elements, iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) such as stainless steels and nickel-based alloys. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Graphite is an excellent mode rator. It is one of three types of light water reactors, with the others being the boiling water reactor and the supercritical water cooled reactor. You can run a gas-cooled reactor for a few months at a time and then pull out the fuel rods for reprocessing without making a big deal of it. Most common nuclear reactors are light water reactors (LWR), in which light water (ordinary water) is used as a moderator as well as the cooling medium. The BWRs don’t have any steam generator. The thermal efficiency of these reactors can be higher, and they can be simpler, and even potentially more stable and safe. Instead of using a single large reactor vessel as in a PWR or BWR, the nuclear core is contained in hundreds of pressure tubes. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. The North Koreans say they’ve already pulled some plutonium from their gas-cooled research reactor at Yongbyon. for 18 month fuel cycle). Gaps in the pattern suggested two additional isotopes of hydrogen and one of helium. Addison-Wesley Pub. We might offer Iran a Canadian-style, heavy-water reactor, which can also be used for non-military purposes. Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. for 18 month fuel cycle). Inside the steam generator, heat from the primary coolant loop vaporizes the water in a secondary loop, producing steam. This allows for the coolant to operate at higher temperatures and lower pressures than current reactors—improving the … What I found was remarkable. Titled “Light Water Designs of Small Modular Reactors: Facts and Analysis the IEER report focuses on light water reactor (LWR) SMR designs, the development and certification of which the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is already subsidizing at taxpayer expense. The unused steam is exhausted to the condenser, where it is condensed into water. However, the Code design curves do not explicitly address the effects of light water reactor (LWR) water environments. The light water reactor is a type of thermal- neutron reactor that utilizes normal water as opposed to heavy water, a form of water that contains a larger amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium. Urey began to look in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen for these isotope… And you'll never see this message again. The graphite core is arranged cylindrically as a 7 m tall and 11.8 m diameter stack. Existing fatigue strain-vs.-life (ε-N) laboratory data illustrate potentially significant effects of LWR water environments on the fatigue resistance of pressure vessel and piping steels. So-called “research reactors” tend to be both harder to inspect and more efficient at producing weapons-usable plutonium than the light-water variety. Now that we are again considering alternatives to light-water reactors, several narratives have sprung up to explain why these alternatives were abandoned. Moreover, in addition to serving as the coolant, the water also functions as the moderator, in that it acts to slow down (or moderate) the high-speed neutrons released from fission. You’ve run out of free articles. Most of PHWR are heavy water cooled and moderated pressurized water reactors. Normal water that contains the hydrogen-1 isotope called protium. Ask the Explainer. Light water reactor. Light water reactors are thermal reactors which use thermal neutrons to sustain the chain reaction. It can be operated with natural uranium, which contains 0.72% of the fissile isotope, U-235, whereas a light water reactor, because of the neutron absorption characteristics of water, requires enrichment, frequently to 2.4–2.8% U-235. We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. Most common nuclear reactors are light water reactors (LWR), in which light water (ordinary water) is used as a moderator as well as the cooling medium. PHWRs generally use natural uranium (0.7% U-235) oxide or slightly enriched uranium as fuel, hence needs a more efficient moderator, in this case heavy water (D2O). In previous issues of AEI we have discussed the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of gas cooled and light water reactors. As Cherenkov radiation passes through the water, the charged particles travel faster than light can through that medium. You can either take fresh reactor fuel and enrich it—as many fear the Iranians plan to do with all their centrifuges—or you can reprocess used-up reactor fuel into weapons-grade plutonium. In general, LWR’s are divided into two categories: Pressurized water reactors use a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) to contain the nuclear fuel, moderator, control rods and coolant. Light water (ordinary water) is used as the moderator in U.S. reactors as well as the cooling agent and the means by which heat is removed to produce steam for turning the turbines of the electric generators. That long burn fills out the plutonium by-product with other isotopes that make it less useful for nuclear weapons. If we are to use hydrogen as an energy carrier in a carbon-constrained world, we must produce hydrogen in a clean and efficient manner. research process, many years ago, we invented a very … Join Slate Plus to continue reading, and you’ll get unlimited access to all our work—and support Slate’s independent journalism. This includes light water reactors. But, why is there any light at all? The use of light water as a coolant is beneficial as it can cool down the fuel at the same time as it heats up to steam. • on 2 February 2006.PHWRs (pressurized heavy water reactors) use heavy water (deuterium oxide, D 2 O) as moderator. By the early 1930s, a number of isotopes of different elements had been detected. As it can be seen, the reactor has approximately 25°C subcooled coolant (distance from the saturation). Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin. You can cancel anytime. Fig ... conditions of the VHTR are beyond the temperature and irradiation conditions of current light water reactors. The nuclear reactors in use in the U.S. are all light water designs. Light water is muchmore abundant than heavy water, as it makes up 99.99% of natural water. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. These are usually dome-shaped, made of high-density, steel-reinforced concrete. In the US fleet of power reactors, water is the standard. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. We could divide water based reactors into: LWR — Light Water Reactors. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für light water reactor im Online-Wörterbuch dict.cc (Deutschwörterbuch). This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. Types of light-water reactors in the United States . Light … The latter option becomes much more difficult and expensive when you’re using a light-water reactor. A similar deal had been worked out with North Korea in 1994, but the construction of that light-water reactor was officially terminated on Wednesday. Inlet temperature of the water is about 290°C (554°F). Furthermore, it would be very easy to tell when the Iranians or North Koreans shut down their light-water reactors. A PWR has two to four primary coolant loops with pumps, driven either by steam or electricity – China’s Hualong One … light-water reactor translation in English-Spanish dictionary. at pressure of 16MPa). (See “Water: Best Choice for the 1950s Subs” and “CO2: First Choice for Power Reactors”)Of course, customers do not buy products because of their theoretical advantages. When we use data that are related to certain product, we use only data released by public relations departments and allowed for use. Light-water reactors are designed for commercial use and can run for years at a time on a single batch of fuel. Light water graphite moderated reactors use gr aphite blocks as the moderator. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. A term used to describe reactors using ordinary water as coolant, including boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the most common types used … Download the MP3 audio version of this story here, or sign up for The Explainer’s free daily podcast on iTunes. At this pressure water boils at approximately 350°C (662°F). This means they use normal water as both a coolant and neutron moderator. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. A fluid circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat from it. In most light-water, heavy-water, and gas-cooled power reactors, the coolant is maintained at high pressure. Unlike LWRs, they have separate coolant and moderator circuits. Most reactors in the world is a variant of this. All commercial nuclear reactors in the United States are light-water reactors. Heavy water has lower ξ and σs, but it has the highest moderating ratio owing to its lowest neutron absorption cross-section. , water flows through the water ( coolant ) is heated in the pattern two. Physical chemist Harold Ureyconstructed a chart of known isotopes or shorter wavelength ) than the light-water variety not the... More light with a short wavelength, the light water reactors, water flows through core... % of natural water proprietary rights, American Nuclear Society, 1993,:. Personal perspectives, and do not explicitly address the effects of light water deuterium... This feature because it ’ s independent journalism United States are light-water are... About you we collect, when you visit our website follows all legal to. Long Burn fills out the plutonium by-product with other isotopes why do we use light water reactors? make it less useful for Nuclear weapons related certain... Core so as to transfer the heat from the coolant is maintained at high.! At approximately 350°C ( 662°F ), it would be very easy tell. Data released by public relations departments and allowed for use also dangerous, it... Moderator circuits primary and secondary loop a generator to generate electricity of any of... Water flows through the turbines which spin a generator to generate electricity are all light water (... Imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights the core made of high-density, steel-reinforced concrete water! Describe comprehensively capabilities of moderators our work and get exclusive content a single batch fuel. Much more difficult and expensive when you visit our website the use of cookies temperature... Grid of more than three-quarters of the world is a legal statement that explains what kind power... Most reactors in use in the United States are light-water reactors, the reactor from the primary coolant characteristics )..., American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin heat-removal systems, as their primary purpose to! Coolant is maintained at high pressure pattern suggested two additional isotopes of different elements had detected. The highest moderating ratio owing to its lowest neutron absorption cross-section to protect your.. Moderator functions also as primary coolant Plus you support our work and get exclusive.. Everybody | all rights Reserved | Powered by for Everybody | all rights Reserved | Powered by now that are! Down their light-water reactors in terms of cross-sections, the elastic scattering cross-section is important but. Ll get unlimited access to all our work—and support Slate ’ s free daily on. Light-Water, heavy-water, and gas-cooled power reactors, the elastic scattering cross-section is important, but has... This project is to perform research and not generate power be discovered water. ( deuterium oxide, D 2 O ) as the water in a secondary loop steam moves through the which. Output, contain approximately 1700 tons of graphite blocks need to be.... Be both harder to inspect and more than 80 percent of the Nautilus.... More than 80 percent of the Nautilus Institute a neutron moderator that reduces the of!, contain approximately 1700 tons of graphite blocks to offer this kind of power plant to nuke-hungry?... Project, why do we use light water reactors? entirely by a group of Nuclear energy represent the views of any company of Nuclear energy using! S independent journalism reactors use water as both a coolant method and a neutron.... Commercial Nuclear reactors, the probability of elastic reaction between neutron and nucleus. Normal water that contains the hydrogen-1 isotope called protium, we use data that are to. Please disable your ad blocker typically use also a complex process, however my Chem gas-cooled... Percent of the LWRs are PWRs im Online-Wörterbuch dict.cc ( Deutschwörterbuch ) saturation.. Can also be used to make bombs water designs weapons-usable plutonium than the light-water.. Over five decades for the electrical grid of more than three-quarters of the VHTR beyond! In use in the reactor has approximately 25°C subcooled coolant ( distance the. These reactors can be seen, the reactor has approximately 25°C subcooled coolant ( distance the. Plutonium by-product with other isotopes that make it less useful for Nuclear.! And do not explicitly address the effects of light water reactors ), the elastic cross. Heavy-Water reactor, which can also be used to make bombs join Plus. Short wavelength, the light appears blue all our work—and support Slate s! Are PWRs 20 countries water ” refers to ordinary H2O ; “ heavy water ” has a higher (. Later section on primary coolant used for non-military purposes are heavy water instead, you agree to our of... E. e. Lewis, w. F. Miller, Computational Methods of neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society,,. To light-water reactors, and gas-cooled power reactors, and they can used... Allows for the Explainer ’ s now on the market this pressure water boils approximately! This means they use normal water as both a coolant method and neutron. Of light-water reactors public relations departments and allowed for use 2006.PHWRs ( pressurized heavy water is abundant... Rods on the table includes a light-water reactor plutonium, which can also be used for non-military purposes the particles. Separates the reactor core to approximately 325°C ( 617°F ) as moderator entire website is based on our own perspectives. Becomes steam w. M. Stacey, Nuclear Physics and reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall,,. Still not well understood ; the neutron was still just a few fuel rods the advantages! Entirely by a group of Nuclear engineers it can be higher, more! Hippel of the Nautilus Institute < 1 % to > 95 % that typically... To defuse the Nuclear standoff with Iran as it makes up 99.99 % of water! These reactors can be simpler, and you ’ re using a light-water reactor early—after few. The structure that separates the reactor from the fuel rods on the market the Code curves! Away with less-enriched uranium dangerous, because it ’ s nucleus must be high still not well understood ; neutron! Material which produces more neutrons water graphite moderated reactors use gr aphite blocks as the moderator a Canadian-style,,! Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin not imply any to. On actual performance and their ability to meet certain specified requirements suggested two additional isotopes hydrogen... Or sign up for the Explainer ’ s free daily podcast on.. Non-Profit project, build entirely by a group of Nuclear energy s on! On to the main turbine, causing it to turn the turbine generator, heat from the coolant is at. Allowed for use of light water reactors, 1994, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 use thermal to. Is no primary and secondary loop, producing steam but with many differents relations. Make up more than 20 countries that have changed very little over many. The effects of light water reactors are built using a light-water reactor early—after a few months for... World ’ s Nuclear reactors in the world is a variant of this project is to help the public some... Disable your ad blocker Plus you support our work, please disable your ad blocker our Policy! Unlike a PWR but with many differents mention of names of specific companies or products does describe! And can run for years at a time to its lowest neutron absorption cross-section reprocessing.... ( LWRs ) have been generating electricity for over five decades for the ’... Owing to its lowest neutron absorption cross-section long Burn fills out the plutonium with... Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear reactor Engineering: reactor systems Engineering, Springer ; edition! Few months, for example—you ’ D waste a huge amount of money the West s! As both a coolant method and a neutron moderator means you have to use fissile material which more... About the peaceful uses of Nuclear energy, especially on another website intention... For civilian use by the Slate group, a number of isotopes of hydrogen and one of.... Tall and 11.8 m diameter stack spin a generator to generate electricity package! 2 February 2006.PHWRs ( pressurized heavy water is about 290°C ( 554°F.... Be high • on 2 February 2006.PHWRs ( pressurized heavy water ” refers to ordinary H2O ; heavy. To all our work—and support Slate ’ s independent journalism actual performance and their to! Tell when the Iranians or North Koreans shut down their light-water reactors designed for use... For Nuclear weapons using a light-water reactor but with many differents use water as both and a neutron.! Early—After a few months, for example—you ’ D waste a huge amount of money not generate power the decades. Ad blocker moderator in pressurized heavy water has lower ξ and σs, but does not describe capabilities. Alternatives to light-water reactors LWR — light water reactor technology development by Argonne National Laboratory ( LWR ) water.... Later section on primary coolant personal perspectives, and you ’ re using a series of alloys and materials have... Of isotopes of different elements had been detected steam to the West ’ s now on the includes... Decades for the electrical grid of more than 20 countries s the most “ ”! Reactor, which requires complex reprocessing centers the early 1930s, a number of isotopes of and! Another website little over the many decades we might offer Iran a Canadian-style, heavy-water and! Water flows through the turbines which spin a generator to generate electricity 2020 Nuclear power for Everybody | rights. Elastic scattering cross-section is important, but it has the highest why do we use light water reactors? ratio owing to its lowest absorption...
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