The statistics belie the fact that there is a much longer history of Indians in Texas. The Caddo tribe is a Native American tribe known for its culture of peace and how it nurtured its young people. When a hunter killed a deer he marked a trail back to the encampment and sent women to bring the carcass home. These two sources cover some of the same categories of material culture, and indicate differences in cultures 150 miles apart. NCSL's experts are here to answer your questions and give you unbiased, comprehensive information as soon as you need it . They lived on both sides of the Rio Grande. [3] Most modern linguists, however, discount this theory for lack of evidence; instead, they believe that the Coahuiltecan were diverse in both culture and language. A wide range of soil types fostered wild plants yielding such foodstuffs as mesquite beans, maguey root crowns, prickly pear fruit, pecans, acorns, and various roots and tubers. They often raided Spanish settlements, and they drove the Spanish out of Nuevo Leon in 1587. Many individual Native Americans, whose tribes are headquartered in other states, reside in Texas. Garca (1760) compiled a manual for church ritual in the Coahuilteco language. [17] In the early 1570s the Spaniard Luis de Carvajal y Cueva campaigned near the Rio Grande, ostensibly to punish the Indians for their 1554 attack on the shipwrecked sailors, more likely to capture slaves. First encountered by Europeans in the sixteenth century, their population declined due to imported European diseases, slavery, and numerous small-scale wars fought against the Spanish, criollo, Apache, and other Coahuiltecan groups. Their names disappeared from the written record as epidemics, warfare, migration, dispersion by Spaniards to work at distant plantations and mines, high infant mortality, and general demoralization took their toll. Nuevo Leon is surrounded by the states of Coahuila, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potos, and Zacatecas. Documents written before the extinction provide basic information. The following listing of the Indigenous Tribes of Texas is an exact quote from John R. Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America. Updated 4 months ago Native American man in tribal outfit. Mail: P.O. On the other end of the spectrum, the Havasupai settlementone of the smallest Native American nations in the U.S.also falls in . When speaking about ethnic peoples in anthropological terms, the indigenous tribes and nations from Canada through America and southward to Mexico are called Native North Americans. The Lipan were the easternmost of the Apache tribes. The Apache is a group of Culturally linked Native American tribes at the Southwestern United States. Population figures are fairly abundant, but many refer to displaced group remnants sharing encampments or living in mission villages. Southern Plain Indians, like the Lipan Apaches, the Tonkawa, and the Comanches, were nomadic people who dwelt in bison hide tepees that were easily moved and set up. Little is known about ceremonies, although there was some group feasting and dancing which occurred during the winter and reached a peak during the summer prickly pear hunt. Limited figures for other groups suggest populations of 100 to 300. The Tribes of the Lower Rio Grande Garca indicates that all Indians reasonably designated as Coahuiltecans were confined to southern Texas and extreme northeastern Coahuila, with perhaps an extension into northern Nuevo Len. Each house had a small hearth in the center, its fire used mainly for illumination. Speaking Yuman languages, they are little different today from their relatives in U.S. California. New Mexico (Spanish: Nuevo Mxico [nweo mexiko] (); Navajo: Yoot Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation: [jt hhts]) is a state in the Southwestern United States.It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region of the western U.S. with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona, and bordering Texas to the east and southeast, Oklahoma to the . Native American dances in Grapevine, Texas. Poorly organized Indian rebellions prompted brutal Spanish retaliation. The women carried water, if needed, in twelve to fourteen pouches made of prickly pear pads, in a netted carrying frame that was placed on the back and controlled by a tumpline. Many individual Native Americans, whose tribes are headquartered in other states, reside in Texas. Most population figures generally refer to the northern part of the region, which became a major refuge for displaced Indians. During these occasions, they ate peyote to achieve a trance-like state for the dancing. They combed the prickly pear thickets for various insects, in egg and larva form, for food. Many of the territories overlapped quite a bit. They were living near Reynosa, Mexico.[1]. [22] That the Indians were often dissatisfied with their life at the missions was shown by frequent "runaways" and desertions. Early missions were established at the forefront of the frontier, but as settlement inched forward, they were replaced. The Apache Indians belong to the southern branch of the Athabascan group, whose languages constitute a large family, with speakers in Alaska, western Canada, and the American Southwest. Although the reburial is progress for the Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation, more work is required to preserve the burial ground and rewrite the narrative imposed by colonial influence. The US Marshals Service is teaming up with a Native American tribe based in Northern California for a new push aimed at addressing cases of missing and murdered Indigenous people, Two friars documented the language in manuals for administering church ritual in one native language at certain missions of southern Texas and northeastern Coahuila. This gift box includes: (1) 3'x5' 1-Sided Tribal Flag (Your Choice). The Mariames (not to be confused with the later Aranamas) were one of eleven groups who occupied an inland area between the lower reaches of the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers of southern Texas. Archeologists conducted investigations at the mission in order to prepare for projects to preserve the buildings. The only container was either a woven bag or a flexible basket. ALA Connect is a place where members can engage with each other, and grow their networks by sharing their own expertise and more! The generally accepted ethnographic definition of northern Mexico includes that portion of the country roughly north of a convex line extending from the Ro Grande de Santiago on the Pacific coast to the Ro Soto la Marina on the Gulf of Mexico. Identifying the Indian groups who spoke Coahuilteco has been difficult. Stephen Silva Brave poses for a portrait with his notebook at Turner Park in Grand Prairie, Texas, on May 9, 2022. In summer, prickly pear juice was drunk as a water substitute. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [21] The Spanish established Mission San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo) in 1718 to evangelize among the Coahuiltecan and other Indians of the region, especially the Jumano. These organizations are neither federally recognized[26] or state-recognized[27] as Native American tribes. The Payaya band near San Antonio had ten different summer campsites in an area 30 miles square. Cabeza de Vaca recorded that some groups apparently returned to certain territories during the winter, but in the summer they shared distant areas rich in foodstuffs with others. The Mariames are the best-described Indian group of northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. Members of the Coahuiltecan tribe are still fighting for representation and inclusion. The ranges of the hunters and gatherers of this region are vague. However, these groups may not originally have spoken these dialects. The Indians added salt to their foods and used the ash of at least one plant as a salt substitute. The meager resources of their homeland resulted in intense competition and frequent, although small-scale, warfare.[16]. They baked the roots for two days in a sort of oven. New Mexico Turquoise Trail. The Cherokee are a group of indigenous people in America's Southeastern Woodlands. These were Coahuiltecan bands who came to trade with tribes from the Caddo confederacies in East Texas and maybe other tribes from the north. Maguey crowns were baked for two days in an oven, and the fibers were chewed and expectorated in small quids. Tribal Nations Maps Gift Box. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [19], Smallpox and measles epidemics were frequent, resulting in numerous deaths among the Indians, as they had no acquired immunity. Nosie. By 1800 the names of few ethnic units appear in documents, and by 1900 the names of groups native to the region had disappeared. Native American tribes in Texas are the Native American tribes who are currently based in Texas and the Indigenous peoples of the Americas who historically lived in Texas. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coahuiltecan&oldid=1111385994, This page was last edited on 20 September 2022, at 18:43. Some of the major languages that are known today are Comecrudo, Cotoname, Aranama, Solano, Sanan, as well as Coahuilteco. They also pulverized fish bones for food. After a Franciscan Roman Catholic Mission was established in 1718 at San Antonio, the indigenous population declined rapidly, especially from smallpox epidemics beginning in 1739. These groups shared a subsistence pattern that included a seasonal migration to harvest prickly pears west of Corpus Christi Bay. https://www.britannica.com/topic/northern-Mexican-Indian. Coronado Historic Site. The Mariames numbered about 200 individuals who lived in a settlement of some forty houses. Colorado River Indian Tribes* 4. Little is said about Mariame warfare. By far the greater number are members of the first type, the groups that speak Uto-Aztecan languages and are traditionally agriculturists. Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi. accessed March 04, 2023, Conflicts between the Coahuiltecan peoples and the Spaniards continued throughout the 17th century. When an offshore breeze was blowing, hunters spread out, drove deer into the bay, and kept them there until they drowned and were beached. The first attempt at classification was based on language, and came after most of the Indian groups were extinct. (YALSA), Information Technology & Telecommunication Services, Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services (ODLOS), Office for Human Resource Development and Recruitment (HRDR), Ethnic & Multicultural Information Exchange RT (EMIERT), Graphic Novels & Comics Round Table (GNCRT), Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT), 225 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1300 Chicago, IL 60601 | 1.800.545.2433, American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions, 1999 Reburial at Mission San Juan Capistrano, San Antonio, Texas, American Indians In Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions, Texas Public Radio, Fronteras: The Road to Indigenous Night, The Longer Road to Indigenous Awareness, Texas Public Radio, Were Still here- 10,000 Years of Native American History Reemerges, Spectrum News 1 interview with Ramon Vasquez. In total, the tribal land spans a staggering 27,000 square miles. 10 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1983). In 168384 Juan Domnguez de Mendoza, traveling from El Paso eastward toward the Edwards Plateau, described the Apaches. The remnants of the Baja California Indiansthe Tiipay (Tipai; of the Diegueo), Paipai (Akwaala), and Kiliwalive in ranch clusters and other tiny settlements in the mountains near the U.S. border. Texas State Library and Archives. Only in Nuevo Len did observers link Indian populations by cultural peculiarities, such as hairstyle and body decoration. Anonymous, Bison (buffalo) roamed southern Texas and northeastern Coahuila. Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp. Coahuilteco was probably the dominant language, but some groups may have spoken Coahuilteco only as a second language. The Apache expansion was intensified by the Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1680, when the Apaches lost their prime source of horses and shifted south to prey on Spanish Coahuila. Divorce was permitted, but no grounds were specified other than "dissatisfaction." The first recorded epidemic in the region was 163639, and it was followed regularly by other epidemics every few years. Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. The Rio Grande dominates the region. Descendants are split between Southern Texas and Coahuila. In the early 1530s lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions, survivors of a failed Spanish expedition to Florida, were the first Europeans known to have lived among and passed through Coahuiltecan lands. The United States government forcibly removed the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, (Muscogee) Creek . During the winter of 1540-41, 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo, New Mexico, battled with the Spanish. Some of the groups noted by De Len were collectively known by names such as Borrados, Pintos, Rayados, and Pelones. Politically, Sonora is divided into seventy-two municipios. 1. The tribe, however, remained semi-migratory and in 1852 . Eventually, the survivors passed into the lower economic levels of Mexican society. The Indians probably had no exclusive foraging territory. Coahuiltecan Indians, The total population of non-agricultural Indians, including the Coahuiltecan, in northeastern Mexico and neighboring Texas at the time of first contact with the Spanish has been estimated by two different scholars as 86,000 and 100,000. Only eight indigenous tribes are bigger. Shuman Indians. Many groups faded awaygradually losing their languages and identities in the emerging mestizo (mixed-race European and Indian) population, the predominant people of present-day Mexico. The state formed the Texas Commission for Indian Affairs in 1965 to oversee state-tribal relations; however, the commission was dissolved in 1989.[1]. The Shuman lived at various times in or near the southern and eastern borders of New Mexico. One settlement comprised fifteen houses arranged in a semicircle with an offset house at each end. [6] Possibly 15,000 of these lived in the Rio Grande delta, the most densely populated area. A fire was started with a wooden hand drill. Only fists and sticks were used, and after the fight each man dismantled his house and left the encampment. Native American tribes in Texas are the Native American tribes who are currently based in Texas and the Indigenous peoples of the Americas who historically lived in Texas. The Uto-Aztecan languages of the peoples of northern Mexico (which are sometimes also called Southern Uto-Aztecan) have been divided into three branchesTaracahitic, Piman, and Corachol-Aztecan. On his 1691 journey he noted that a single language was spoken throughout the area he traversed. Variants of these names appear in documents that pertain to the northeastern Coahuila-Texas frontier. These nations included the Chickasaw (CHIK-uh-saw), Choctaw (CHAWK-taw), Creek (CREEK), Cherokee (CHAIR-oh-kee), and Seminole (SEH-min-ohl). These groups ranged from Monterrey and Cadereyta northeast to Cerralvo. Each country's indigenous populations can be called First Nations, Native Americans, and Native or Indigenous Mexican Americans. As is the case for other Indigenous Peoples across North and South America, the Coahuiltecans were ideal converts for Spanish missionaries due to hardships caused by colonization of their lands and resources. The Coahuiltecan region thus includes southern Texas, northeastern Coahuila, and much of Nuevo Len and Tamaulipas. They traditionally lived in villages near creeks and rivers, from spring until fall, gathering nuts and wild plants. The remaining group is the Seri, who are found along the desert coast of north-central Sonora. The face had combinations of undescribed lines; among those who had hair plucked from the front of the head, the lines extended upward from the root of the nose. The Caddos in the east and northeast Texas were perhaps the most culturally developed. They have met the seven criteria of an American Indian tribe: The three federally recognized tribes in Texas are: These are three Indian Reservations in Texas: Texas has "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes," as journalists Graham Lee Brewer and Tristan Ahtone wrote. Naguatex Caddi Share Coastal Inhabitants What is now known as the Texas Gulf Coast was home to many American Indian tribes including the Atakapa, Karankawa, Mariame, and Akokisa. Coahuiltecans as well as other tribal groups contributed to mission life, and many began to intermarry into the Spanish way of life. Ethnic identity seems to have been indicated by painted or tattooed patterns on the face and the body. The Coahuiltecans of south Texas and northern Mexico ate agave cactus bulbs, prickly pear cactus, mesquite beans and anything else edible in hard times, including maggots. Today, San Antonio is home to an estimated 30,000 Indigenous Peoples, representing 1.4% of the citys population. The Spanish missions, numerous in the Coahuiltecan region, provided a refuge for displaced and declining Indian populations. Acoma Pueblo, the Gathering of Nations Pow Wow and the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center are among the Readers' Choice 10 Best Native American Experiences, USA Today 10Best.com. Matting was important to cover house frames. The Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation is a collective of affiliated bands and clans including not only the Payaya, but also Pacoa, Borrado, Pakawan, Paguame, Papanac, Hierbipiame, Xarame, Pajalat, and Tilijae Nations. Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians 12. There were more than two dozen Native American groups living in the southeast region, loosely defined as spreading from North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico. Group names and orthographic variations need study. On special occasions women also wore animal-skin robes. $18-$31 Value. Missions in South Texas became a place of refuge for the Indigenous populations in South Texas as well as where many Coahuiltecans adopted European farming techniques. [2] To their north were the Jumano. The principal differences were in foodstuffs and subsistence techniques, houses, containers, transportation devices, weapons, clothing, and body decoration. A new tribe would move in and push the old tribe into a new territory. The principal game animal was the deer. Since female infanticide was the rule, Maraime males doubtless obtained wives from other Indian groups. The name of the language family was created to show that it includes both the Colorado River Numic language (Uto) dialect chain that stretches from southeastern California, along the Colorado River to Colorado and . Body patterns included broad lines, straight or wavy, that ran the full length of the torso (probably giving rise to the Spanish designations Borrados, Rayados, and Pintos.). Northern newcomers such as the Lipan Apaches, the Tonkawa, and the Comanches would also eventually encroach Payaya territory. While they lived near the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy they were never part of it. At times, they came together in large groups of several bands and hundreds of people, but most of the time their encampments were small, consisting of a few huts and a few dozen people. Opportunity for Arizona Native American women from eligible Tribes to participate in a business training program. He also identified as Coahuilteco speakers a number of poorly known groups who lived near the Texas Gulf Coast. Mesquite flour was eaten cooked or uncooked. These tribes would make up what became known as the wild west and would've been existing at the same time as the famous gunslingers. Missions and isolation helped to preserve the several surviving Indian groups of northwest Mexico through the colonial period (15301810), but all underwent considerable alteration under the influence of European patterns. People of similar hunting and gathering cultures lived throughout northeastern Mexico and southeastern Tejas, which included the Pastia, Payaya, Pampopa, and Anxau. Several unrecognized organizations in Texas claim to be descendants of Coahuitecan people. During the Spanish colonial period a majority of these natives were displaced from their traditional territories by Spaniards advancing from the south and Apaches retreating from the north. These tribes were settlers in the . It is because of these harsh influences that most people in the United States and Texas are not familiar with Coahuiltecan or Tejano culture outside of the main population groups mostly located in South Texas, West Texas, and San Antonio. [9] Most groups disappeared before 1825, with their survivors absorbed by other indigenous and mestizo populations of Texas or Mexico. All were hunters and gatherers who consumed the food they acquired almost immediately. Cocopah Indian Tribe 3. The Spanish replaced slavery by forcing the Indians to move into the encomienda system. Two powerful Southwest tribes were the exception: the Navajo (NA-vuh-hoh) and the Apache (uh-PA-chee). Women of this tribe would gather a plant called Mescal Agave while men would actively process it, giving the tribe its name. Cabeza de Vaca's data (153334) for the Mariames suggest a population of about 200. These are some of the tribes that have existed in what is now Texas. 1201 Brazos St. Austin, TX 78701. Maps of the Texas Indian lands need to be viewed with a few things in mind. The deer was a widespread and available large game animal. Almost all of the Southwestern tribes, which later spread out into present-day Arizona, Texas, and northern Mexico, can trace their ancestry back to these civilizations. November 20, 1969: A group of San Francisco Bay-area Native Americans, calling themselves "Indians of All Tribes," journey to Alcatraz Island, declaring their intention to use the island for an. The lowlands of northeastern Mexico and adjacent southern Texas were originally occupied by hundreds of small, autonomous, distinctively named Indian groups that lived by hunting and gathering. In the mid-nineteenth century, Mexican linguists began to classify some Indigenous groups as Coahuiltecan in an effort to create a greater understanding of pre-colonial tribal languages and structures. The third branch of Uto-Aztecan, the Corachol-Aztecan family, is spoken by the Cora located on the plateau and gorges of the Sierra Madre of Nayarit and the Huichol in similar country of northern Jalisco and Nayarit. Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument. In 2001, the city of San Antonio recognized the Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation as the first Tribal families of San Antonio by proclamation. Some of the major languages that are known today are Comecrudo, Cotoname, Aranama, Solano, Sanan, as well as Coahuilteco. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. In the winter the Indians depended on roots as a principal food source. Organizations such as American Indians in Texas (AIT) at the Spanish Colonial Missions continue to work to preserve the culture of Indigenous Peoples residing in South Texas. Some came from distant areas. (Currently, there are 573 Federallyrecognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities.) The Coahuiltecan lived in the flat, brushy, dry country of southern Texas, roughly south of a line from the Gulf Coast at the mouth of the Guadalupe River to San Antonio and westward to around Del Rio. [23], Spanish settlement of the lower Rio Grande Valley and delta, the remaining demographic stronghold of the Coahuiltecan, began in 1748. Explore the history and culture of three influential Texas-based Native American tribes: the Comanche, the Kiowa, and the Apache. Today, tens of thousands of people belonging to U.S. Moore, R. E. "The Texas Coahuiltecan people", Texas Indians, Logan, Jennifer L. Chapter Eight: Linquistics", in, Coahuiltecan Indians. www.tashaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmcah, accessed 18 Feb 2012. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Many groups contained fewer than ten individuals. They wore little clothing. A few missions lasted less than a decade; others flourished for a century. Navajos and Apaches primarily hunted and gathered in the area. With such limitations, information on the Coahuiltecan Indians is largely tentative. The Indians of Nuevo Len constructed circular houses, covered them with cane or grass, and made a low entrances. (See Apache and also Texas.) The Coahuiltecan area was one of the poorest regions of Indian North America. This southern boundary coincides in a general way with the northern margins of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. According to a report released by the Pew Research Center in 2017, 34.4% of Hispanics in the United States are immigrants, dropping from 40.1% in 2000. (1) Book by a Tribal Author (Your Choice of 10 Titles). In the Guadalupe River area, the Indians made two-day hunting trips two or three times a year, leaving the wooded valley and going into the grasslands. Overview. Denver (AP) U.S. officials will work to restore more large bison herds to Native American lands under a Friday order from Interior Secretary Deb Haaland that calls for the government to tap into Indigenous knowledge in its efforts to conserve the burly animals that are an icon of the American West. The Indians of Nuevo Len hunted all the animals in their environment, except toads and lizards. Mesquite bean pods, abundant in the area, were eaten both green and in a dry state. In the summer they would travel 85 miles (140km) inland to exploit the prickly pear cactus thickets. The two tribes, who were acting as a single political entity at this point, ceded their homelands to the U.S. Government in the Treaty of 1804. At night each man kept his club in easy reach. Although living near the Gulf of Mexico, most of the Coahuiltecan were inland people. Yanaguana or Land of the Spirit Waters, now known as San Antonio, is the ancestral homeland to the Payaya, a band that belongs to the Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation (pronounced kwa-weel-tay-kans). The region's climate is megathermal and generally semiarid. They ate much of their food raw, but used an open fire or a fire pit for cooking. The Ancestral Pueblosthe Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokambegan farming in the region as early as 2000 BCE, producing an abundance of corn. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Winter encampments went unnoted. Omissions? The total Indian population and the sizes of basic population units are difficult to assess. The Pacuaches of the middle Nueces River drainage of southern Texas were estimated by another missionary to number about 350 in 1727. This was covered with mats. The Nuevo Len Indians depended on maguey root crowns and various roots and tubers for winter fare. The Coahuiltecan appeared to be extinct as a people, integrated into the Spanish-speaking mestizo community. The Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation populated lands across what is now called Northern Mexico and South Texas. Updates? Some scholars believe that the coastal lowlands Indians who did not speak a Karankawa or a Tonkawa language must have spoken Coahuilteco. The second is Alonso De Len's general description of Indian groups he knew as a soldier in Nuevo Len before 1649. Many were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, in the 19th century. The Indian peoples of northern Mexico today fall easily into two divisions. Because the missions had an agricultural base they declined when the Indian labor force dwindled. The Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation populated lands across what is now called Northern Mexico and South Texas. Silva Brave was part of a group that helped write the state's first ever Native . Their livestock competed with wild grazing and browsing animals, and game animals were thinned or driven away. Each Tribe is a sovereign nation with its own government, life-ways, traditions, and culture. Some families occasionally left an encampment to seek food separately. By 1690 two groups displaced by Apaches entered the Coahuiltecan area. The second type consists of five groupsthe descendants of nomadic bands who resided in Baja California and coastal Sonora and lived by hunting and gathering wild foods. Poles and mats were carried when a village moved. Each house was dome-shaped and round, built with a framework of four flexible poles bent and set in the ground. The largest group numbered 512, reported by a missionary in 1674 for Gueiquesal in northeastern Coahuila. The animals included deer, rabbits, rats, birds, and snakes. A trail of DNA. They controlled the movement of game by setting grassfires. The Indians turned to livestock as a substitute for game animals, and raided ranches and Spanish supply trains for European goods. Missions in existence the longest had more groups, particularly in the north. The descriptions by Cabeza de Vaca and De Len are not strictly comparable, but they give clear impressions of the cultural diversity that existed among the hunters and gatherers of the Coahuiltecan region. Two Native American tribes - Mountain Crow and River Crow. Gila River Indian Community 8. Most of the Indians left the immediate area. The men wore little clothing. They killed and ate snakes and pulverized the bones for food. With eight or ten people associated with a house, a settlement of fifteen houses would have a population of about 150. This name was derived by the Spanish from a Nahuatl word. In the mid-nineteenth century, Mexican linguists designated some Indian groups as Coahuilteco, believing they may have spoken various dialects of a language in Coahuila and Texas (Coahuilteco is a Spanish adjective derived from Coahuila). Their languages are not related to Uto-Aztecan. Nineteenth century Mexican linguists who coined the term Coahuilteco noted the extension. In some groups men wore rabbitskin robes. Overwhelmed in numbers by Spanish settlers, most of the Coahuiltecan were absorbed by the Spanish and mestizo people within a few decades.[24].
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