[307] Historian Christopher Andrew concludes that "Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena. Richard Nixon is one of the most controversial Presidents in the history of the United States. "[306] Political scientist Jussi Hanhimki disagrees, saying that Nixon's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the Cold War policy of containment by diplomatic, rather than military, means. WebDespite the debacle in Vietnam, Nixon did achieve a few key foreign policy victories during his time in office. [192][193] He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the "Smoking Gun Tape" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory. [26] In 1933, he became engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima, Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. [188], At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7percentits highest rate since the Korean War. Nixon became the first President to give Native Americans the right to tribal self-determination by ending the policy of forced assimilation and returning their sacred lands. [24] Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible. [206][207][c] While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a War on Cancer, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health. Perry wrote to Nixon in Baltimore, and after a night of excited conversation with his wife, Nixon gave Perry an enthused response. [107], Televised presidential debates made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. [217], After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. The price increase hurt U.S. consumers of oil and gasoline. In Iran, the United States agreed to sell conventional weapons to the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (the shah of Iran). Under his policy of Vietnamization, combat roles were transferred to South Vietnamese troops, who nevertheless remained heavily dependent on American supplies and air support. - Nixon conceded that North Vietnam would not have to withdraw troops from South but there was still not peace Moreover, Nixon depraved the relations with Chile by opposing its president, Salvador Allende. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7:00a.m.with little to do. The agreement implemented a cease fire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops without requiring withdrawal of the 160,000 North Vietnam Army regulars located in the South. I am thrilled to have discovered EssaysWriters.com, because this is a writing company that is 100% dependable and who produces excellent written assignments. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right. In January 1945 he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the Secretary of the Navy[50] for "meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty". [210] Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. [77] He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power. [223], Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection. The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the vice president had no formal power to act. - Nixon also secretly promised billions in aid to secure the settlement, Emphasising national interest rather than legalism and moralism in foreign policy, Vietnamization where South should fight their own battles. - It went badly for them and US TV saw the South Vietnamese trying to escape by hanging on to the US helicopter skids but Americans had put grease onto the helicopters to make them slip off. [1][6][7] His parents were Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. Because of the collaboration between these two leaders, Nixon deserves the title, "the first modern vice president". WebThe madman theory is a political theory commonly associated with United States President Richard Nixon's foreign policy. When Goldwater won the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce him at the convention. [10], Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: "We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it". Given the immense attention to Watergate down to the present, it is no wonder that we forget how effective Richard M. Nixon was as a president. He also increased funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities. [63] Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers. - Detente did not stop all weapons testing or stop arms race [198] He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues. Fearing communist revolution in Latin America, the Nixon administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chiles Marxist Pres. [181], As part of the Nixon Doctrine, the U.S. avoided giving direct combat assistance to its allies and instead gave them assistance to defend themselves. [96] Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness. [235], Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office. They collaborated closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. [209] Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. [276] He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan's victory. He chose not to present any defense. [196] He eliminated the Cabinet-level United States Post Office Department, which in 1971 became the government-run United States Postal Service. "[302], Some historians say Nixon's Southern Strategy turned the Southern United States into a Republican stronghold, while others deem economic factors more important in the change. [222], Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment. ", "From afar: An indomitable man, an incurable loneliness", "The Fall and Rise of an American President", "Democrats: The long journey to disaster", "The KennedyNixon Presidential Debates, 1960", "The All-Volunteer Army After Twenty Years: Recruiting in the Modern Era", "American President: Richard Milhous Nixon (19131994), Foreign Affairs", "Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with, "Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election", "Postage rates for periodicals: A narrative history", "New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents", "Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act", "Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure", "President Nixon's Troublesome Tax Returns", "Tax Day 2011: Why do presidents release tax returns? He claimed that in order to prevent armed conflicts, the USA and the Western countries should try to cooperate with the Muslim world, instead of confronting it (McGovern 167). [122], At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into the Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. Some people are different. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office. [165], As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, conscription was phased out by 1973, and the armed forces became all-volunteer. [181] Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, dtente, and MIRVs. [313] Another legacy, for a time, was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. [323], In October 1999, a volume of 1971 White House audio tapes was released which contained multiple statements by Nixon deemed derogatory toward Jews. The U.S. invasions of Cambodia in 1970 and Laos in 1971, for example, employed U.S. ground troops. In 1972, President Nixon participated in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with Soviet Secretary General Brezhnev as part of an effort to temper the Cold War through diplomatic dtente. [184], Because Israel's victory was largely due to U.S. support, the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S., resulting in the 1973 oil crisis. [37] In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney. Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives. [131] His slogan of "Nixon's the One" proved to be effective. In February he visited Beijing, setting in motion normalization of relations with the People's Republic of Updates? What were the limitations of the detente? ", Hanhimki, Jussi M. "Foreign Policy Overview" in. [62], Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948, when his persistence as a HUAC member helped break the Alger Hiss spy case. The major difference between Nixons and Reagans presidency was the ability of Reagan to communicate with American people. Nixon was the youngest member of the committee and the only Westerner. "[294], Upon Nixon's death, the news coverage mentioned Watergate and the resignation but much of the coverage was favorable to the former president. It was, in fact, because of the tremendous drain of the Vietnam War on U.S. resources that Nixon created the doctrine. [189] Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. [191], Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration. Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred. Publicly, Nixon said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and Vietnamization. [25] In addition to the society, his studies, and work at the store, Nixon found time for extracurricular activities; he became known as a champion debater and hard worker. Initial talks did not result in an agreement,[156] and in May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam did so, and suggesting South Vietnam hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation. Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. Nixon and Kissinger believed that strengthening Irans military would stabilize the Middle East, thereby protecting not only Irans oil supply but also the oil reserves of all countries bordering the Persian Gulf. Publicly, he said his strategy was a He served as floor manager for the Republican Party. - Detente did not stop crises occurring in other countries eg. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Nixon supported Israel with massive aid, which Prime Minister Golda Meir later said saved her country. - In May 1972 the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty ended the race over defensive anti-ballistic missile systems and froze the number of Soviet and American nuclear missiles [73] During the campaign, Nixon was first called "Tricky Dick" by his opponents for his campaign tactics. What are the cirticism of US intervention in USSR? [282] In January 1994, the former president founded the Nixon Center (today the Center for the National Interest), a Washington policy think tank and conference center. What were the three reasons Nixon wanted the Vietnam war to end? A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, in 1968, he made another run for the presidency and was elected, defeating Hubert Humphrey by less than one percentage point in the popular vote, as well as defeating third party candidate George Wallace. Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency: Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office. What were Kissingers view on cold war strategy to date? [51] On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. Thank you so much for what you do. His periodic overindulgences, especially during stressful times such as during Apollo 13, concerned Price and others, including then-advisor Ehrlichman and long-time valet Manolo Sanchez. A great proponent of the 26th Amendment, Nixon lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen, extending the right to vote to Americas youth. - 55% of the population supported heavy bombing of Vietnam For this service, he received a Navy Letter of Commendation (awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon, which was later updated to the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal) from his commanding officer for "meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command". Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials. 1943)", "Official Military Personnel File for Richard M. Nixon", "Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid", "The Problem of American Communism in 1945: Facts and Recommendations", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "KennedyNixon Debates", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "Smith, Howard K.", "42% of GOP Rank and File on Lodge Bandwagon", "Johnson Leads Nixon, 3 To 1 In Latest Presidential Poll", "Goldwater Looks to California and Oregon Primaries as Crucial to His Chances", "ROCKEFELLER WINS OREGON PRIMARY, UPSETTING LODGE", Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson's Vietnam Peace Talks in '68, Notes Show, "Biden Had To Fight For The Presidential Nomination. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, saying it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. He remained in his hometown, enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930, and his expenses were met by a bequest from his maternal grandfather. [55], In June 1947, Nixon supported the TaftHartley Act, a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and he served on the Education and Labor Committee. Those activities included "dirty tricks," such as bugging the offices of political opponents, and the harassment of activist groups and political figures. - SALT was criticised by Cold Warriors When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where he began a year of intensive campaigning. Clinton, whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon, met openly with him and regularly sought his advice.[292]. Through his mother, Nixon was a descendant of the early English settler Thomas Cornell, who was also an ancestor of Ezra Cornell, the founder of Cornell University, as well as of Jimmy Carter and Bill Gates. Why can the Vietnam war been seen as honourable and effective? [64] In 1948, Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries,[65] and was comfortably reelected. Converse with them. [220] NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. [268] In early 1978, he visited the United Kingdom; there, he was shunned by American diplomats, most ministers of the James Callaghan government, and two former prime ministers, Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath. [145] A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the Great Hall of the People. We will see it through. At the time, when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria, Nixon decided to support Israel. Nixon had a lot of reasonable ideas concerning foreign policy, but somehow he did not manage to turn them into reality. [191] With inflation unresolved by August 1971, and an election year looming, Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at Camp David. [279], In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world. Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979. [127] Throughout the campaign, Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during this period of national unrest and upheaval. [127] Fearing the possibility of a USChina alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to pressure for dtente with the United States. - Kissinger talked Nixon out of withdrawing from Vietnam in 1971 for the 1972 election [154], In 1971, excerpts from the "Pentagon Papers", which had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, were published by The New York Times and The Washington Post. [153][154][155] In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to their leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. He started to implement a Vietnamization policy aimed at a gradual withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam while encouraging greater involvement of South Vietnam in the war. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the president in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election. [104] Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. If my paper needs 12 pages, they will write 12 excellent pages. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
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